diff --git a/fe/package.json b/fe/package.json
index c18be11..efa0cc4 100644
--- a/fe/package.json
+++ b/fe/package.json
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
     "dev": "vite",
     "build": "vite build",
     "preview": "vite preview",
+    "test": "node --test tests/*.test.mjs",
     "lint": "eslint . --ext .vue,.js,.jsx,.cjs,.mjs --fix --ignore-path .gitignore"
   },
   "dependencies": {
diff --git a/fe/src/App.vue b/fe/src/App.vue
index 4b111c5..f3642f0 100644
--- a/fe/src/App.vue
+++ b/fe/src/App.vue
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {RouterView, useRoute} from 'vue-router'
 import HomeHeader from '@/views/components/HomeHeader/HomeHeader.vue'
 import HomeAside from '@/views/components/HomeAside/HomeAside.vue';
 import RecoverySetupPrompt from '@/views/components/RecoverySetupPrompt/RecoverySetupPrompt.vue'
+import StartupStatus from '@/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.vue'
 import {ref, watch} from 'vue'
 import {useGlobalStatusStore} from "@/stores/useGlobalStatusStore";
 
@@ -21,7 +22,8 @@ watch(
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <div id="main">
+  <StartupStatus v-if="globalStatus.startupBlocked" />
+  <div v-else id="main">
     <HomeHeader v-if="!standalonePages.includes(pageName)"/>
     <div id="content">
       <div id="aside" v-if="!standalonePages.includes(pageName)">
diff --git a/fe/src/main.js b/fe/src/main.js
index 9a98b3c..3d509df 100644
--- a/fe/src/main.js
+++ b/fe/src/main.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { createApp } from 'vue'
 import { createPinia } from 'pinia'
 import App from './App.vue'
 import {router} from './router'
+import {useGlobalStatusStore} from './stores/useGlobalStatusStore'
 
 import ElementPlus from 'element-plus'
 import 'element-plus/dist/index.css'
@@ -30,11 +31,15 @@ if (isReservedResetPath(window.location.pathname)) {
 
 const app = createApp(App)
 const pinia = createPinia()
+const globalStatus = useGlobalStatusStore(pinia)
 
 app.use(pinia)
+
+router.onError((error) => {
+  console.error('Router navigation failed', error)
+  globalStatus.setStartupError('页面加载失败，请刷新后重试')
+})
+
 app.use(router)
 app.use(ElementPlus)
-
-router.isReady().then(() => {
-  app.mount('#app')
-})
+app.mount('#app')
diff --git a/fe/src/router/index.js b/fe/src/router/index.js
index bd0d19c..611e1c7 100644
--- a/fe/src/router/index.js
+++ b/fe/src/router/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { createRouter, createWebHashHistory } from "vue-router";
 import {useGlobalStatusStore} from "@/stores/useGlobalStatusStore";
+import {AUTH_STATUS} from "@/utils/auth.mjs";
+import {createLoginLocation} from "@/utils/navigation.mjs";
 
 const router = createRouter({
     history: createWebHashHistory(),
@@ -65,13 +67,32 @@ const router = createRouter({
 router.beforeEach(async (to) => {
     const globalStatus = useGlobalStatusStore();
     const needsAuthentication = to.meta.requiresAuth || to.name === "force-password-change";
-    const authenticated = globalStatus.isLogin || (needsAuthentication && await globalStatus.refresh());
+    let authStatus = globalStatus.isLogin
+        ? AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED
+        : globalStatus.authStatus;
+
+    if (needsAuthentication && authStatus !== AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED) {
+        authStatus = await globalStatus.refresh();
+    }
+
+    if (needsAuthentication && authStatus === AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE) {
+        globalStatus.setAuthRetryPath(to.fullPath);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!needsAuthentication && authStatus === AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE) {
+        globalStatus.resetAuthAvailability();
+        authStatus = AUTH_STATUS.UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    const authenticated = authStatus === AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED;
 
     if (!authenticated && needsAuthentication) {
-        return {
-            name: "login",
-            query: {redirect: to.fullPath}
-        };
+        return createLoginLocation(to.fullPath);
+    }
+
+    if (authenticated) {
+        globalStatus.clearAuthRetryPath();
     }
 
     if (to.name === "force-password-change") {
diff --git a/fe/src/stores/useGlobalStatusStore.js b/fe/src/stores/useGlobalStatusStore.js
index f9724fd..fa51ec6 100644
--- a/fe/src/stores/useGlobalStatusStore.js
+++ b/fe/src/stores/useGlobalStatusStore.js
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 import { defineStore } from "pinia";
 import { http } from "@/utils/axios";
-
-let authRefreshPromise = null;
+import {
+    AUTH_STATUS,
+    classifyAuthenticationError,
+    classifyAuthenticationResponse,
+    runSharedAuthRefresh
+} from "@/utils/auth.mjs";
+import {getSafeLoginRedirect} from "@/utils/navigation.mjs";
 
 const useGlobalStatusStore = defineStore("useGlobalStatusStore", {
     state() {
@@ -11,6 +16,10 @@ const useGlobalStatusStore = defineStore("useGlobalStatusStore", {
             settingsDrawerVisible: false,
             authChecked: false,
             authLoading: false,
+            authStatus: AUTH_STATUS.UNKNOWN,
+            authError: "",
+            authRetryPath: "/",
+            startupError: "",
             pendingLogin: null,
             recoveryPromptDismissed: false
         };
@@ -26,42 +35,49 @@ const useGlobalStatusStore = defineStore("useGlobalStatusStore", {
             return Array.isArray(state.userInfos.capabilities)
                 ? state.userInfos.capabilities
                 : [];
+        },
+        startupBlocked(state) {
+            return Boolean(state.startupError)
+                || (state.authLoading && Object.keys(state.userInfos).length === 0)
+                || state.authStatus === AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE;
         }
     },
     actions: {
         refresh() {
-            if (authRefreshPromise) {
-                return authRefreshPromise;
-            }
-
-            this.authLoading = true;
-            authRefreshPromise = (async () => {
+            return runSharedAuthRefresh(async () => {
+                this.authLoading = true;
+                this.authStatus = AUTH_STATUS.LOADING;
+                this.authError = "";
                 try {
                     const response = await http.post("/api/v1/user/info", {});
-                    if (response.errorNo === 0 && response.data) {
+                    const result = classifyAuthenticationResponse(response);
+                    if (result === AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED) {
                         this.setUser(response.data, false);
-                        this.authChecked = true;
-                        return true;
+                    } else if (result === AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED) {
+                        this.clear();
+                    } else {
+                        this.markAuthUnavailable();
                     }
-                    this.clear();
-                    return false;
+                    return result;
                 } catch (error) {
-                    this.clear();
-                    return false;
+                    const result = classifyAuthenticationError(error);
+                    if (result === AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED) {
+                        this.clear();
+                    } else {
+                        this.markAuthUnavailable();
+                    }
+                    return result;
                 } finally {
                     this.authLoading = false;
-                    authRefreshPromise = null;
                 }
-            })();
-
-            return authRefreshPromise;
+            });
         },
         init(callback) {
-            return this.refresh().then((authenticated) => {
+            return this.refresh().then((status) => {
                 if (typeof callback === "function") {
-                    callback(authenticated);
+                    callback(status);
                 }
-                return authenticated;
+                return status;
             });
         },
         clear() {
@@ -69,6 +85,8 @@ const useGlobalStatusStore = defineStore("useGlobalStatusStore", {
             this.pendingLogin = null;
             this.recoveryPromptDismissed = false;
             this.authChecked = true;
+            this.authStatus = AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED;
+            this.authError = "";
         },
         setUser(payload, resetPrompt = false) {
             const previousAccount = this.userInfos?.account || "";
@@ -77,6 +95,30 @@ const useGlobalStatusStore = defineStore("useGlobalStatusStore", {
                 this.recoveryPromptDismissed = false;
             }
             this.authChecked = true;
+            this.authStatus = AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED;
+            this.authError = "";
+        },
+        markAuthUnavailable() {
+            this.authChecked = true;
+            this.authStatus = AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE;
+            this.authError = "认证服务暂时不可用，请检查网络后重试";
+        },
+        resetAuthAvailability() {
+            this.authChecked = false;
+            this.authStatus = AUTH_STATUS.UNKNOWN;
+            this.authError = "";
+        },
+        setAuthRetryPath(path) {
+            this.authRetryPath = typeof path === "string" && path ? path : "/";
+        },
+        clearAuthRetryPath() {
+            this.authRetryPath = "/";
+        },
+        setStartupError(message) {
+            this.startupError = message || "页面加载失败，请刷新后重试";
+        },
+        clearStartupError() {
+            this.startupError = "";
         },
         dismissRecoveryPrompt() {
             this.recoveryPromptDismissed = true;
@@ -87,7 +129,7 @@ const useGlobalStatusStore = defineStore("useGlobalStatusStore", {
                 account: payload?.account || "",
                 email: payload?.email || "",
                 expiresAt: payload?.expires_at || "",
-                redirect: payload?.redirect || "/"
+                redirect: getSafeLoginRedirect(payload?.redirect)
             };
         },
         clearPendingLogin() {
diff --git a/fe/src/utils/auth.mjs b/fe/src/utils/auth.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25c153e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/src/utils/auth.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+const AUTH_STATUS = Object.freeze({
+    UNKNOWN: "unknown",
+    LOADING: "loading",
+    AUTHENTICATED: "authenticated",
+    UNAUTHENTICATED: "unauthenticated",
+    UNAVAILABLE: "unavailable"
+});
+
+let authRefreshPromise = null;
+
+function classifyAuthenticationResponse(response) {
+    if (response?.errorNo === 0 && response.data && typeof response.data === "object") {
+        return AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED;
+    }
+    if (response?.errorNo === 403) {
+        return AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED;
+    }
+    return AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE;
+}
+
+function classifyAuthenticationError(error) {
+    if (error?.response?.status === 403 || error?.response?.data?.errorNo === 403) {
+        return AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED;
+    }
+    return AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE;
+}
+
+function runSharedAuthRefresh(task) {
+    if (authRefreshPromise) {
+        return authRefreshPromise;
+    }
+
+    authRefreshPromise = Promise.resolve()
+        .then(task)
+        .finally(() => {
+            authRefreshPromise = null;
+        });
+
+    return authRefreshPromise;
+}
+
+export {
+    AUTH_STATUS,
+    classifyAuthenticationError,
+    classifyAuthenticationResponse,
+    runSharedAuthRefresh
+};
diff --git a/fe/src/utils/axios.js b/fe/src/utils/axios.js
index 5362b8d..a9b1ab5 100644
--- a/fe/src/utils/axios.js
+++ b/fe/src/utils/axios.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import axios from 'axios'
 import lang from '../i18n/i18n';
 import {router} from "@/router";
+import {createLoginRedirectHandler} from "@/utils/navigation.mjs";
 
 //创建axios的一个实例
 const http = axios.create({
@@ -17,6 +18,15 @@ const http = axios.create({
     }
 });
 
+let redirectToLogin = null;
+
+function handleLoginRedirect() {
+    if (!redirectToLogin) {
+        redirectToLogin = createLoginRedirectHandler(router);
+    }
+    return redirectToLogin();
+}
+
 //请求拦截器
 http.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
     //若请求方式为post，则将data参数转为JSON字符串
@@ -56,16 +66,17 @@ function isSetupRequest(config) {
     return path === '/api/setup' || path === '/api/v1/setup' || path === '/__smail_setup_bootstrap'
 }
 
+function isAuthenticationRefreshRequest(config) {
+    const rawUrl = String(config?.url || '').split('?')[0]
+    return rawUrl === '/api/user/info' || rawUrl === '/api/v1/user/info'
+}
+
 http.interceptors.response.use(async (response) => {
     //响应成功
-    if (response.data?.errorNo === 403 && !isSetupRequest(response.config)) {
-
-        await router.replace({
-            path: '/login',
-            query: {
-                redirect: router.currentRoute.value.fullPath
-            }
-        });
+    if (response.data?.errorNo === 403
+        && !isSetupRequest(response.config)
+        && !isAuthenticationRefreshRequest(response.config)) {
+        await handleLoginRedirect();
     }
     //响应成功
     if (response.data?.errorNo === 402 && !isSetupRequest(response.config)) {
@@ -91,13 +102,10 @@ http.interceptors.response.use(async (response) => {
             case 403:
                 if (isSetupRequest(error.config)) {
                     message = lang.setup_failed
+                } else if (isAuthenticationRefreshRequest(error.config)) {
+                    message = '登录状态已失效'
                 } else {
-                    await router.replace({
-                        path: '/login',
-                        query: {
-                            redirect: router.currentRoute.value.fullPath
-                        }
-                    });
+                    await handleLoginRedirect();
                 }
                 break;
             case 404:
diff --git a/fe/src/utils/navigation.mjs b/fe/src/utils/navigation.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cad15a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/src/utils/navigation.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+const BLOCKED_REDIRECT_PATHS = ["/login", "/login-verification"];
+
+function decodeRedirect(value) {
+    let decoded = value;
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 2; attempt += 1) {
+        try {
+            const next = decodeURIComponent(decoded);
+            if (next === decoded) {
+                break;
+            }
+            decoded = next;
+        } catch {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return decoded;
+}
+
+function getSafeLoginRedirect(value, fallback = "/") {
+    if (typeof value !== "string") {
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    const redirect = value.trim();
+    if (!redirect.startsWith("/") || redirect.startsWith("//")) {
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    const decodedRedirect = decodeRedirect(redirect);
+    if (!decodedRedirect.startsWith("/") || decodedRedirect.startsWith("//") || decodedRedirect.includes("\\")) {
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    const decodedPath = decodedRedirect
+        .split(/[?#]/, 1)[0]
+        .replace(/\/+$/, "")
+        .toLowerCase() || "/";
+
+    if (BLOCKED_REDIRECT_PATHS.some((path) => decodedPath === path || decodedPath.startsWith(`${path}/`))) {
+        return fallback;
+    }
+
+    return redirect;
+}
+
+function createLoginLocation(redirect) {
+    return {
+        name: "login",
+        query: {
+            redirect: getSafeLoginRedirect(redirect)
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+function getCurrentLoginRedirect(route) {
+    if (route?.name === "login" || route?.name === "login-verification") {
+        return getSafeLoginRedirect(route?.query?.redirect);
+    }
+    return getSafeLoginRedirect(route?.fullPath);
+}
+
+function createLoginRedirectHandler(router) {
+    let redirectPromise = null;
+
+    return function redirectToLogin() {
+        const currentRoute = router.currentRoute.value;
+        if (currentRoute?.name === "login" || currentRoute?.name === "login-verification") {
+            return Promise.resolve(false);
+        }
+        if (redirectPromise) {
+            return redirectPromise;
+        }
+
+        const location = createLoginLocation(getCurrentLoginRedirect(currentRoute));
+        redirectPromise = Promise.resolve(router.replace(location))
+            .then(() => true)
+            .finally(() => {
+                redirectPromise = null;
+            });
+
+        return redirectPromise;
+    };
+}
+
+export {
+    createLoginLocation,
+    createLoginRedirectHandler,
+    getCurrentLoginRedirect,
+    getSafeLoginRedirect
+};
diff --git a/fe/src/views/List/List.js b/fe/src/views/List/List.js
index 98af49f..ad8bde2 100644
--- a/fe/src/views/List/List.js
+++ b/fe/src/views/List/List.js
@@ -53,10 +53,17 @@ export function usePage() {
     })
   }
   
-  const updateGroupList = function () {
-    http.post("/api/v1/group/list").then(res => {
+  const updateGroupList = async function () {
+    try {
+      const res = await http.get("/api/v1/group/list")
+      if (res.errorNo !== 0) {
+        throw new Error(res.errorMsg || "分组列表加载失败")
+      }
       groupList.value = res.data || []
-    })
+    } catch (error) {
+      groupList.value = []
+      ElMessage.error(error?.message || "分组列表加载失败，请稍后重试")
+    }
   }
   
   updateList()
diff --git a/fe/src/views/Login/Login.js b/fe/src/views/Login/Login.js
index 79bfe8b..3f0a312 100644
--- a/fe/src/views/Login/Login.js
+++ b/fe/src/views/Login/Login.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import lang from "../../i18n/i18n"
 import { http } from "@/utils/axios"
 
 import { useGlobalStatusStore } from "@/stores/useGlobalStatusStore"
+import { getSafeLoginRedirect } from "@/utils/navigation.mjs"
 
 export function usePage() {
   const router = useRouter()
@@ -31,9 +32,7 @@ export function usePage() {
         ElMessage.error(res.errorMsg)
         return
       }
-      const redirect = typeof router.currentRoute.value.query.redirect === "string"
-        ? router.currentRoute.value.query.redirect
-        : "/"
+      const redirect = getSafeLoginRedirect(router.currentRoute.value.query.redirect)
       if (res.data?.pending) {
         globalStatus.setPendingLogin({ ...res.data, redirect })
         await router.replace({ name: "login-verification" })
diff --git a/fe/src/views/LoginVerification/LoginVerification.js b/fe/src/views/LoginVerification/LoginVerification.js
index 24e3094..1985f68 100644
--- a/fe/src/views/LoginVerification/LoginVerification.js
+++ b/fe/src/views/LoginVerification/LoginVerification.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { useRouter } from "vue-router"
 
 import { useGlobalStatusStore } from "@/stores/useGlobalStatusStore"
 import { http } from "@/utils/axios"
+import { getSafeLoginRedirect } from "@/utils/navigation.mjs"
 import {
   normalizeRequestOptions,
   serializeCredential,
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ export function usePage() {
       if (response.errorNo !== 0) {
         throw new Error(response.errorMsg || "验证码验证失败")
       }
-      const redirect = pending.value.redirect || "/"
+      const redirect = getSafeLoginRedirect(pending.value.redirect)
       globalStatus.clearPendingLogin()
       globalStatus.setUser(response.data, true)
       await router.replace(redirect)
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ export function usePage() {
       if (finish.errorNo !== 0) {
         throw new Error(finish.errorMsg || "安全密钥验证失败")
       }
-      const redirect = pending.value?.redirect || "/"
+      const redirect = getSafeLoginRedirect(pending.value?.redirect)
       globalStatus.clearPendingLogin()
       globalStatus.setUser(finish.data, true)
       await router.replace(redirect)
diff --git a/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.css b/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..014ab56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.css
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+.startup-status {
+  width: 100%;
+  min-height: 100%;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  padding: 24px;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  background: var(--pm-bg-primary);
+}
+
+.startup-status__card {
+  width: min(440px, 100%);
+  padding: 36px;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  text-align: center;
+  background: var(--pm-surface-solid);
+  border: 1px solid var(--pm-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--pm-radius-xl);
+  box-shadow: var(--pm-shadow-md);
+}
+
+.startup-status__label {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+  color: var(--pm-primary-color);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+}
+
+.startup-status__card h1 {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--pm-text-primary);
+  font-size: 24px;
+}
+
+.startup-status__card p {
+  margin: 16px 0 24px;
+  color: var(--pm-text-secondary);
+  line-height: 1.7;
+}
+
+.startup-status__loading {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  color: var(--pm-text-secondary);
+}
+
+.startup-status__spinner {
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  border: 2px solid var(--pm-border-color);
+  border-top-color: var(--pm-primary-color);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  animation: startup-status-spin 0.8s linear infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes startup-status-spin {
+  to {
+    transform: rotate(360deg);
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 600px) {
+  .startup-status {
+    padding: 16px;
+  }
+
+  .startup-status__card {
+    padding: 28px 22px;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.js b/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdb96de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.js
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { computed, ref } from "vue"
+import { useRouter } from "vue-router"
+
+import { useGlobalStatusStore } from "@/stores/useGlobalStatusStore"
+import { AUTH_STATUS } from "@/utils/auth.mjs"
+import { createLoginLocation, getSafeLoginRedirect } from "@/utils/navigation.mjs"
+
+export function useStartupStatus() {
+  const router = useRouter()
+  const globalStatus = useGlobalStatusStore()
+  const retrying = ref(false)
+
+  const isLoading = computed(() => globalStatus.authLoading || retrying.value)
+  const hasStartupError = computed(() => Boolean(globalStatus.startupError))
+  const title = computed(() => {
+    if (hasStartupError.value) {
+      return "页面加载失败"
+    }
+    if (isLoading.value) {
+      return "正在恢复登录状态"
+    }
+    return "认证服务暂时不可用"
+  })
+  const description = computed(() => {
+    if (hasStartupError.value) {
+      return globalStatus.startupError
+    }
+    if (isLoading.value) {
+      return "正在确认当前登录会话，请稍候。"
+    }
+    return globalStatus.authError || "暂时无法确认登录状态，请检查网络后重试。"
+  })
+  const buttonLabel = computed(() => hasStartupError.value ? "刷新页面" : "重新检查")
+
+  const retry = async () => {
+    if (isLoading.value) {
+      return
+    }
+    if (hasStartupError.value) {
+      window.location.reload()
+      return
+    }
+
+    retrying.value = true
+    const redirect = getSafeLoginRedirect(globalStatus.authRetryPath)
+    try {
+      const status = await globalStatus.refresh()
+      if (status === AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED) {
+        globalStatus.clearAuthRetryPath()
+        await router.replace(redirect)
+      } else if (status === AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED) {
+        globalStatus.clearAuthRetryPath()
+        await router.replace(createLoginLocation(redirect))
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error("Authentication retry failed", error)
+      globalStatus.setStartupError("页面加载失败，请刷新后重试")
+    } finally {
+      retrying.value = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    buttonLabel,
+    description,
+    isLoading,
+    retry,
+    title
+  }
+}
diff --git a/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.vue b/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.vue
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f207375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/src/views/components/StartupStatus/StartupStatus.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<script setup>
+import { useStartupStatus } from "./StartupStatus.js"
+
+const {
+  buttonLabel,
+  description,
+  isLoading,
+  retry,
+  title
+} = useStartupStatus()
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <main class="startup-status" aria-live="polite">
+    <section class="startup-status__card">
+      <span class="startup-status__label">Smail</span>
+      <h1>{{ title }}</h1>
+      <p>{{ description }}</p>
+      <el-button
+        v-if="!isLoading"
+        type="primary"
+        size="large"
+        @click="retry"
+      >
+        {{ buttonLabel }}
+      </el-button>
+      <div v-else class="startup-status__loading" role="status">
+        <span class="startup-status__spinner" aria-hidden="true"></span>
+        <span>请稍候</span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+  </main>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped src="./StartupStatus.css"></style>
diff --git a/fe/tests/auth.test.mjs b/fe/tests/auth.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b40c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/tests/auth.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import test from "node:test";
+
+import {
+    AUTH_STATUS,
+    classifyAuthenticationError,
+    classifyAuthenticationResponse,
+    runSharedAuthRefresh
+} from "../src/utils/auth.mjs";
+
+test("认证响应会区分已登录、未登录和服务不可用", () => {
+    assert.equal(
+        classifyAuthenticationResponse({errorNo: 0, data: {account: "user@example.com"}}),
+        AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+        classifyAuthenticationResponse({errorNo: 403}),
+        AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+        classifyAuthenticationResponse({errorNo: 500}),
+        AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE
+    );
+});
+
+test("只有明确的 403 错误会被识别为未登录", () => {
+    assert.equal(
+        classifyAuthenticationError({response: {status: 403}}),
+        AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+        classifyAuthenticationError({response: {status: 500}}),
+        AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+        classifyAuthenticationError(new Error("Network Error")),
+        AUTH_STATUS.UNAVAILABLE
+    );
+});
+
+test("并发认证刷新只执行一次请求并返回同一个结果", async () => {
+    let requestCount = 0;
+    let resolveRequest;
+    const request = () => {
+        requestCount += 1;
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+            resolveRequest = resolve;
+        });
+    };
+
+    const first = runSharedAuthRefresh(request);
+    const second = runSharedAuthRefresh(request);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(first, second);
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    assert.equal(requestCount, 1);
+
+    resolveRequest(AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED);
+    assert.equal(await first, AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED);
+    assert.equal(await second, AUTH_STATUS.AUTHENTICATED);
+
+    const third = runSharedAuthRefresh(async () => {
+        requestCount += 1;
+        return AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED;
+    });
+    assert.equal(await third, AUTH_STATUS.UNAUTHENTICATED);
+    assert.equal(requestCount, 2);
+});
diff --git a/fe/tests/navigation.test.mjs b/fe/tests/navigation.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b0ee44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fe/tests/navigation.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import test from "node:test";
+
+import {
+    createLoginRedirectHandler,
+    getCurrentLoginRedirect,
+    getSafeLoginRedirect
+} from "../src/utils/navigation.mjs";
+
+test("登录重定向只接受非登录页的站内路径", () => {
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("/list?tag=inbox"), "/list?tag=inbox");
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("https://example.com"), "/");
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("//example.com"), "/");
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("/%2fexample.com"), "/");
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("/login?redirect=/list"), "/");
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("/%6Cogin-verification"), "/");
+    assert.equal(getSafeLoginRedirect("/login/extra"), "/");
+});
+
+test("已在登录页时保留原有安全重定向", () => {
+    assert.equal(getCurrentLoginRedirect({
+        name: "login",
+        fullPath: "/login?redirect=/list",
+        query: {redirect: "/list"}
+    }), "/list");
+
+    assert.equal(getCurrentLoginRedirect({
+        name: "login",
+        fullPath: "/login?redirect=/login",
+        query: {redirect: "/login"}
+    }), "/");
+});
+
+test("并发 403 只执行一次登录跳转且不会嵌套 redirect", async () => {
+    let replaceCount = 0;
+    let finishNavigation;
+    const router = {
+        currentRoute: {
+            value: {
+                name: "list",
+                fullPath: "/list?tag=inbox",
+                query: {}
+            }
+        },
+        replace(location) {
+            replaceCount += 1;
+            return new Promise((resolve) => {
+                finishNavigation = () => {
+                    router.currentRoute.value = {
+                        name: "login",
+                        fullPath: "/login?redirect=/list?tag=inbox",
+                        query: location.query
+                    };
+                    resolve();
+                };
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    const redirectToLogin = createLoginRedirectHandler(router);
+    const first = redirectToLogin();
+    const second = redirectToLogin();
+
+    assert.strictEqual(first, second);
+    assert.equal(replaceCount, 1);
+    finishNavigation();
+    assert.equal(await first, true);
+    assert.equal(router.currentRoute.value.query.redirect, "/list?tag=inbox");
+
+    assert.equal(await redirectToLogin(), false);
+    assert.equal(replaceCount, 1);
+    assert.equal(router.currentRoute.value.query.redirect, "/list?tag=inbox");
+});